Voevodins' Library _ "Focus Groups" 3rd edition / Richard A. Krueger & Mary Anne Casey ... Interview, People, Discussion, Decision Making, Development, Single-Category Design, Multiple-Category Design, Double-Layer Design, Broad-Involvement Design, Audience, Written Plan, Questioning Route, Categories of Questions, Opening Questions, Introductory Questions, Transition Questions, Key Questions, Ending Questions, Campaign, Strategies for Selecting Participants, Sampling Procedures for Focus Groups, Moderating Skills, Moderator, Discussion, Head Nodding, Question, Analysis Strategies, Long-Table Approach, Using the Computer to Help Manage the Data, Rapid Approach, Sound Approach, Principles of Reporting, Written Reports, Narrative Report, Top-Line Report, Bulleted Report, Report Letter to Participants, Oral Reports, Styles of Focus Group Research, Telephone Focus Groups, Internet Focus Groups, Media Focus Groups

Voevodins' Library _ "Focus Groups" 3rd edition / Richard A. Krueger & Mary Anne Casey ... Interview, People, Discussion, Decision Making, Development, Single-Category Design, Multiple-Category Design, Double-Layer Design, Broad-Involvement Design, Audience, Written Plan, Questioning Route, Categories of Questions, Opening Questions, Introductory Questions, Transition Questions, Key Questions, Ending Questions, Campaign, Strategies for Selecting Participants, Sampling Procedures for Focus Groups, Moderating Skills, Moderator, Discussion, Head Nodding, Question, Analysis Strategies, Long-Table Approach, Using the Computer to Help Manage the Data, Rapid Approach, Sound Approach, Principles of Reporting, Written Reports, Narrative Report, Top-Line Report, Bulleted Report, Report Letter to Participants, Oral Reports, Styles of Focus Group Research, Telephone Focus Groups, Internet Focus Groups, Media Focus Groups Voevodin's Library: Interview, People, Discussion, Decision Making, Development, Single-Category Design, Multiple-Category Design, Double-Layer Design, Broad-Involvement Design, Audience, Written Plan, Questioning Route, Categories of Questions, Opening Questions, Introductory Questions, Transition Questions, Key Questions, Ending Questions, Campaign, Strategies for Selecting Participants, Sampling Procedures for Focus Groups, Moderating Skills, Moderator, Discussion, Head Nodding, Question, Analysis Strategies, Long-Table Approach, Using the Computer to Help Manage the Data, Rapid Approach, Sound Approach, Principles of Reporting, Written Reports, Narrative Report, Top-Line Report, Bulleted Report, Report Letter to Participants, Oral Reports, Styles of Focus Group Research, Telephone Focus Groups, Internet Focus Groups, Media Focus Groups

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	Practice Hint 6.1 Transcribing Focus Groups Transcribing Focus Group Interviews Here are some suggestions if you are considering transcribing focus group interviews: 1. Identify moderator statements. Always identify the comments of the moderator. Use a consistent style such as holding, capitalizations, or underlining. 2. Use a consistent style. Single-space all comments. Double-space between speakers. Number all pages. Place a header on all pages indicating date and group name. 3. Don't worry about punctuation. People don't speak in complete sentences. Use punctuation where it seems to make sense. Place periods at what seem to be the end of sentences. Do a spell check. Check with the client for concerns about spelling of technical words, jargon, and acronyms. Some won't worry about the spelling of those internal words. Others will want them spelled right. 4. Don't type verbal pauses such as "umms" or "ahs." 5. Type comments word for word. This is a transcript, not minutes of a meeting. The conversation is recorded word for word. Don't change the words or correct the grammar. If some of the words are unintelligible, then type three periods ... to indicate that words are missing from the transcript. 6. Note special or unusual sounds that could help analysis. Use parentheses to indicate laughter, loud voices, shouting, or someone being interrupted. 7. Allow sufficient time. Typically, it takes about four to eight hours to type one hour of tape. But the time will vary with typist speed, the quality of the tape recording, the length of the session, the experience of the typist with focus groups, and the complexity of the topic. 8. Use quality playback equipment. The typist should avoid tape players with small speakers and awkward buttons. Consider earphones. Focus group interview tapes always have background noise, and participants will speak with different tones and voice levels-therefore, these tapes will require concentration and the best quality playback equipment that can be obtained. If possible, use equipment with a tape speed control and foot-operated backspace. 9. Minimize distractions. Type transcripts in a place with minimal distractions or interruptions. 10. Questions to ask the researcher before beginning the transcription. Here are some topics that should be clarified before having someone transcribe the focus group tapes: a. Did the researcher make a backup tape? b. Should the introduction be transcribed? c. Should the debriefing with the research team following the focus group be transcribed? d. Did anything special occur in the group that is of particular interest? e. What should be done with informal comments from one person to another that are captured on tape but not part of the formal focus group? f. Should an effort be made to identify names of participants? (Give the transcriptionist a sketch of the seating pattern.) g. If there are technical problems with the recording, what should the transcriptionist do? Call for instructions? Note the problem in the transcript and continue transcribing? Other? h. What do you do when voices suddenly become faint or hard to hear? i. What do you do when several people are talking at once? j. How does the client want to get the transcript? Hard copy? Disk copy? Through e-mail? In what type of word-processing program? k. Does the client want to receive the transcripts as they are completed or all at once? Contracting With a Transcriptionist Contracting with a transcriptionist can be difficult. From the transcriptionist's perspective, an hourly basis is often preferred because of the variety of sound quality and differences in groups. Some tapes just require more time than others. From the researcher's perspective, it is difficult to manage a budget without knowing the total cost of transcribing. Transcriptionists can vary in speed and quality. Researchers often prefer a fixed amount per tape. Use the first transcription as a test to determine cost and level of accuracy. The Future of Transcription Soon, a breakthrough will occur with voice recognition software that will change the nature of computer analysis. Voice recognition software allows you to talk to your computer, and the computer immediately transcribes what you've said. (It's the stuff you've seen on Star Trek 30 years ago, when Scotty just goes to the computer and asks a question and gets an answer.) The breakthrough will occur when these programs become capable of recognizing different voices and correctly identify the voice of the speaker. At present, these programs need to be "trained" to recognize your voice, and when someone else speaks, it looks like gibberish. That will change, and we will have instantaneous transcriptions.

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