Voevodin's Library: patent, performance ambiguity, personal controls, pioneering costs, political economy, political risk, political system, polycentric staffing, positive-sum game, power distance, predatory pricing, price discrimination, price elasticity of demand, privatization, product life-cycle theory, production, projected rate, property rights, pull strategy, purchasing power parity (PPP), push strategy, regional economic integration, relatively efficient market, representative democracy, right-wing totalitarianism, royalties, short selling, sight draft, Single European Act, Smoot-Hawley Tariff, social democrats, social mobility, social strata, social structure, socialism, society, sogo shosha, sourcing decisions, specialized asset, specific tariff, spot exchange rate, staffing policy, state-directed economy, stock of foreign direct investment, strategic alliances, strategic commitment, strategic trade policy, strategy, Structural Impediments Initiative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texts belong to their owners and are placed on a site for acquaintance. |
Export Assistance Prospective U.S. exporters can draw on two forms of governmentbacked assistance to help finance their export programs. They can get financing aid from the Export - Import Bank and export credit insurance from the Foreign Credit Insurance Association. Export-Import Bank The Export - Import Bank, often referred to as Eximbank, is an independent agency of the US government. Its mission is to provide financing aid that will facilitate exports, imports, and the exchange of commodities between the United States and other countries. Eximbank pursues this mission with various loan and loanguarantee programs. Eximbank guarantees repayment of medium and longterm loans US commercial banks make to foreign borrowers for purchasing US exports. The Eximbank guarantee makes the commercial banks more willing to lend cash to foreign enterprises. Eximbank also has a direct lending operation under which it lends dollars to foreign borrowers for use in purchasing US exports. In some cases, it grants loans that commercial banks would not if it sees a potential benefit to the United States in doing so. The foreign borrowers use the loans to pay US suppliers and repay the loan to Eximbank with interest. Export Credit Insurance For reasons outlined earlier, exporters clearly prefer to get letters of credit from importers. However, at times an exporter who insists on a letter of credit is likely to lose an order to one who does not require a letter of credit. Thus, particularly when the importer is in a strong bargaining position and able to play competing suppliers off against each other, an exporter may have to forgo a letter of credit.13 The lack of a letter of credit exposes the exporter to the risk that the foreign importer will default on payment. The exporter can insure against this possibility by buying export credit insurance. If the customer defaults, the insurance firm will cover a major portion of the loss. In the United States, export credit insurance is provided by the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA), an association of private commercial institutions operating under the guidance of the Export - Import Bank. The FCIA provides coverage against commercial risks and political risks. Losses due to commercial risk result from the buyer's insolvency or payment default. Political losses arise from actions of governments that are beyond the control of either buyer or seller. |
|
|
Countertrade >>
|
||