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Chapter
17 Outline
Chapter Summary
This chapter discussed the marketing and R&D functions
in international business. A persistent theme of the chapter is the tension
that exists between the need to reduce costs and the need to be responsive
to local conditions, which raises costs. This chapter made the following
points:
- Theodore Levitt has argued that, due to the advent of
modern communications and transport technologies, consumer tastes and
preferences are becoming global, which is creating global markets for
standardized consumer products. However, this position is regarded as
extreme by many commentators, who argue that substantial differences
still exist between countries.
- Market segmentation refers to the process of identifying
distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behavior differs from
each other in important
ways. Managers in an international business need to be
aware of two main issues relating to segmentation--the extent to which
there are differences between countries in the structure of market
segments, and the existence of segments that transcend national borders.
- A product can be viewed as a bundle of attributes. Product
attributes need to be varied from country to country to satisfy different
consumer tastes and preferences.
- Country differences in consumer tastes and preferences
are due to differences in culture and economic development. In addition,
differences in product and technical standards may require the firm
to customize product attributes from country to country.
- A distribution strategy decision is an attempt to define
the optimal channel for delivering a product to the consumer.
- Significant country differences exist in distribution
systems. In some countries, the retail system is concentrated; in others,
it is fragmented. In some countries, channel length is short; in others,
it is long. Access to distribution channels is difficult to achieve
in some countries.
- A critical element in the marketing mix is communication
strategy, which defines the process the firm will use in communicating
the attributes of its product to prospective customers.
- Barriers to international communication include cultural
differences, source effects, and noise levels.
- A communication strategy is either a push strategy or
a pull strategy. A push strategy emphasizes personal selling, and a
pull strategy emphasizes mass media advertising. Whether a push strategy
or a pull strategy is optimal depends on the type of product, consumer
sophistication, channel length, and media availability.
- A globally standardized advertising campaign, which uses
the same marketing message all over the world, has economic advantages,
but it fails to account for differences in culture and advertising regulations.
- Price discrimination exists when consumers in different
countries are charged different prices for the same product. Price discrimination
can help a firm maximize its profits. For price discrimination to be
effective, the national markets must be separate and their price elasticities
of demand must differ.
- Predatory pricing is the use of profit gained in one
market to support aggressive pricing in another market to drive competitors
out of that market.
- Multipoint pricing refers to the fact a firm's pricing
strategy in one market may affect rivals' pricing strategies in another
market. Aggressive pricing in one market may elicit a competitive response
from a rival in another market that is important to the firm.
- Experience curve pricing is the use of aggressive pricing
to build accumulated volume as rapidly as possible to quickly move the
firm down the experience curve.
- New-product development is a high-risk, potentially high-return
activity. To build a competency in new-product development, an international
business must do two things: (1) disperse R&D activities to those
countries where new products are being pioneered and (2) integrate R&D
with marketing and manufacturing.
- Achieving tight integration among R&D, marketing,
and manufacturing requires the use of cross-functional teams.
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